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117-7-第七节 甲氨蝶呤和叶酸合用问题
研究表明,补充叶酸可以减轻或预防MTX的粘膜损伤、胃肠道反应和全血细胞减少等不良反应。每天或每周给叶酸。口服lmg/d即可以减轻MTX的毒性而不影响其疗效。有人试用5.0--27.5mg/周大剂量的叶酸,发现并不比小剂量显示更多的优越性。亚叶酸也能减少MTX的毒性。有研究发现,在MTX代谢半衰期内,给亚叶酸将会降低 MTX疗效。所以亚叶酸应在给MTX 24小时后服用,初次剂量5mg凋 。至今,共同的认识是,补充叶酸可缓解或预防MTX的毒性,但是其预防作用不是100%。
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RA患者可以缺乏多种维生素和矿物质,患者的贫血可能是多种因素引起的,所以应该告知病人注意饮食平衡,每天补充复合维生素及400[xg叶酸。) }" y7 J( o+ d/ Y. [- [7 l1 t
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下面是国外使用叶酸制剂的经验,可供国人参考:叶酸的开始剂量:如果MTX剂量是5.0-y 12.5mg凋 ,则在MTX给药后一天给予单剂量亚叶酸2.5mg/周。如果 MTX剂量是15一30mg/周,则在MTX给药后一天给予单剂量亚叶酸5.Omg/周。 * ~4 l) A* m/ i9 S; b
* ?: f1 B" C8 W; W( K' l6 z MTX毒性反应的处理:1)轻度反应时:将MTX减量2.5mg/周,使用上面推荐的亚叶酸剂量直至反应解除,一旦副作用解除,仍以原方案治疗。2)中度反应时:停止MTX使用,直至反应缓解。反应缓解后,以低于原 MTX剂量5.Omg/周重新开始治疗,如果以前没有补充亚叶酸则补充之。如果已补充亚叶酸,则可将其剂量增加2.5mg,即如MTX剂量<15mg,则用亚叶酸5. Omg;如MTX剂量>15mg,亚叶酸可加至7.5mg和10mgo 2--3周后如果副反应没有复发,则可按原方案治疗。3)重度反应时:如果毒性反应很重,甚至威胁生命或需住院治疗,则应停止MTX,并用亚叶酸解毒。一旦毒性解除,重新评估病人状况。如果MTX使用是必要的,则按照上面中度毒性的处理办法进行,而且要对病人进行密切的监测。 8 z6 S1 T+ u$ g, }" Q
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综上所述,并不是所有的RA病人都适合使用 MTX,到底选用哪种 DMARD,则因人而异,应综合病人的各方面情况来决定。肾功能不全、既往有肝病或肺病、经常饮酒、妊娠等病人都应避免使用MTX。因为MTX起效时间较快,常常作为病情较活动和关节功能受损病人的推荐用药。用药之前必须对病人的全身情况和病情的活动度做出详细的评价,用药过程中也应定期监测,及时调整用药量。 ; y& V5 T# e. @1 Z& M8 e
( 叶益新 张海峻 )
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