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35-9-第九节 贝赫切特病
贝赫切特病是一累及多系统、多器官的全身性疾病,基本病理改变为血管炎,临床表现复杂多样,主要表现为前色素膜炎、后色素膜炎、视网膜血管炎、反复口腔及生殖器溃疡。本病还可累及皮肤、关节、神经系统、消化系统,并可能造成大动脉和大静脉的损害。早期的报道较少提及本病累及肾脏,但近20年来已有较多有关贝赫切特病合并肾脏损害的报道,肾损害的病理类型也多种多样。不过,贝赫切特病累及肾脏总的发生率并不高,在 10%左右。继发于贝赫切特病的肾损害其发生机制目前还不是很清楚,可能的机制包括:①合并原发性肾小球肾炎;②继发于小血管炎的肾损害;③合并肾脏淀粉样变。
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2 X3 v6 r( z- h( o9 {7 t 一、原发性肾小球肾炎
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原发性肾小球肾炎是文献报道的贝赫切特病合并肾损害最主要的类型,主要的临床表现为血尿、蛋白尿,极个别的患者表现为肾病综合征和/或肾功能不全。目前有肾活检病理的病例约30余例,多数为个案报道,描述的病理类型多种多样,包括微小病变、膜性肾病、系膜增生性肾小球肾炎、IgA肾病以及局灶和弥漫性增殖性肾小球肾炎等。其中样本量较大的一篇报道来自Kamal等,在 120例贝赫切特病患者中有9例(7.5%)合并肾损害,其中有4例有肾脏病理,3例为轻到中度的系膜增生性肾小球肾炎,其中2例免疫荧光以Igm在系膜区颗粒状沉积为主,1例免疫荧光全阴性,另有1例经刚果红染色及电镜证实为肾淀粉样变。这些个案报道中最常见的病理类型为IgA肾病,目前共有11例报道,其中10例来自日本多家医院的报道。
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二、血管炎相关的肾损害 4 O0 H4 x" ^" `: w3 _- H1 x
$ ~0 J2 U. z9 R 贝赫切特病合并肾损害的临床表现中,肾功能不全不多见,但一旦出现,多数测定ANCA阳性,病理表现多为坏死性小血管炎和新月体肾炎。部分病例对激素和环磷酞胺的治疗有显效。
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( g! S4 e2 K9 J5 J 三、肾脏淀粉样变
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迄今世界范围内共有31例贝赫切特病合并淀粉样变的文献报道,其中部分病例临床表现为肾病综合征和/或肾功能不全,血压一般不高,肾损害的原因同系统性淀粉样变累及肾脏致肾脏淀粉样变有关。部分病例对秋水仙碱的治疗效果满意。
( z3 j6 k+ h2 q1 h3 L ( 毕增棋 李 航 孙 阳 )# {4 v& C- V' j1 v6 a
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