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23-9-第九节 抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体
抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体(antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody, ANCA)是一种以中性粒细胞和单核细胞胞浆成分为靶抗原的自身抗体。1982年,Davies等在8例节段性坏死性肾小球肾炎患者血清中首次发现了ANCA。现已发现,ANCA自身抗体谱存在十余种特异性抗体,ANCA对系统性血管炎、炎性肠病和自身免疫性肝病等疾病的诊断与鉴别诊断具有重要意义。ANCA已成为自身免疫病重要的临床常规检测项目(详见第22章)。ANCA是自身免疫性肝病标准诊断谱的最新成员,主要见于自身免疫性肝病中的AIH-Ⅰ型及 PSC患者中,而PBC患者则少见。自身免疫性肝病中出现的ANCA,其免疫荧光染色型为核周型 ANCA(perinuclear ANCA, pANCA)或非典型性AN-CA(atypical ANCA, aANCA或xANCA)。其特异性靶抗原尚未完全清楚,可能是肌动蛋白(actin)或位于核板层(lamina)的某些粒细胞特异性抗原成分,而不同于原发性系统性血管炎患者中ANCA所常对应的特异性靶抗原,如蛋白酶3 ( proteinase 3, PR3)和髓过氧化物酶(myeloperoxidase, MPO)等。; g- `" U5 ^" G" m& ]
& e& M9 r: t" o( \1 Y0 \ 一、检测方法
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; c% a4 s5 G8 }6 k2 \ 因尚未完全清楚自身免疫性肝病中出现的ANCA所对应的特异性靶抗原,以肝胆损伤等症状为主的自身免疫性肝病患者,常规检测ANCA可只选用间接免疫荧光法,检测结果ANCA阳性免疫荧光染色型多为pANCA或aANCA。
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二、临床意义 * J5 r- T5 a$ v4 O+ J" E
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pANCA主要见于自身免疫性肝病中的AIH-Ⅰ型及 PSC患者中,阳性率分别为 65%~92%,29%~88%,而AIH- II型、PBC及其他非自身免疫性肝病患者中则少见。ANCA检测有助于自身免疫性肝病患者的诊断、分型及鉴别诊断,并可用于慢性隐源性肝病的分类。 7 p- r+ l: d8 t- g+ G
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pANCA与AIH-Ⅰ型的疾病活动度(转氨酶和γ-球蛋白水平)相关,ANCA阳性患者的病情常较重。pANCA阳性的PSC患者,合并溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis, UC)的可能性较大,亦与胆管树受累广度相关,病情往往较重。
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